Ionic bonding is the formation of an Ionic bond is the result of the transfer of one or more electrons from a metal onto a non metal. Ionic bonds are usually associated with inorganic compounds. Take table salt as an example. This is an inorganic compound because it does not contain carbon(C). The bond between Sodium(Na) and Chlorine(Cl) is ionic because, unlike organic compounds where electrons are shared, sodium readily gives up its single electron to chlorine in order to form a more stable configuration. The chlorine accepts this electron in its outer shell to form a more stable configuration. Since sodium gives up its electron, it becomes more positive(+): since chlorine accepts an electron, it becomes negative(-); thus the ionic attraction between the two. You need one sodium atom to provide the extra electron for one chlorine atom, so they combine together 1:1. The formula is therefore NaCl.

The image above is a visual example of salt's configuration. One of the most valuable experiments toward the discovery of ionic bonding is Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment.

Covalent bonding is bonding between non metals consists of two electrons shared between two atoms. In covalent bonding, the two electrons shared by the atoms are attracted to the nucleus of both atoms. Neither atom completely loses or gains electrons as in ionic bonding. Water is an example of a covalent bond because the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are held together by polar covalent bonds.

Sarah Vladut #4

How to determine ionic bonds

An ionic bond occurs when one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and another atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. In ionic bonds there is always an anion and a cation, or a non-metal and a metal. An anion is any element to the right of the carbon family and a cation is any element to the left of the carbon family. These opposites attract and form an ionic bond!

Ways to discover ionic bonds

- Ionic bonds form crystals

- They tend to have very high boiling points and melting points due to the fact that it takes a lot of energy to "break" apart the positive and negative charges.

- They are very hard and very brittle

- They conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water

Formation of the molecule

Ions are atoms that have satisfied the octet rule. If you have two neutral elements, and one wants to gain electrons to be like the nearest noble gas and the other wants to lose electrons to be like the nearest noble gas, chances are that they will react with each other and make an ionic compound.

A way to figure out if two elements can become an ionic compound is using the Criss-cross method.The ionic charge of the positive ion becomes the subscript of the negative ion and vice versa. Another method is the Lewis Dot Structure. This helps you visualize the structure of the compound.

Examples:

Water isn't that great of a conductor of electricity, yet when a hairdryer falls into the bathtub and fries you up, it's because of the fact that the water contains ionic compounds that have been dissolved. Although, tap water is a good conductor of electricity since it already has ionic compounds dissolved in it.

The common table salt is an example of an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a non-metal and chlorine is a metal.

Experiment:

1. For each ionic compound place about 0.5 g of the solid in a clean test tube and try to dissolve it in 10. ml, of water by stirring.

2. You only need to weigh the first compound, after this use about the same amount for the other compounds. Estimate how much of the compound dissolved in the water (all, some, half, none) and record your observations in your notebook.

3. Label the tubes.

4. Build a conductivity detector

5. Place the two paper clips in the solution.

6. Record results.

7. Clean the paper clips for next solution.

8. Repeat steps 5-7 until you've tested all of the solutions.

whitney watkins

An ionic, or electrovalent, bond is formed between oppositely charged ions because of electrostatic forces of attraction. All ionic bonding is exothermic.

example: sodium + chlorine --> sodium chloride

How and why we have ionic compounds:

Noble gases like neon or argon have eight electrons in their outer energy levels (or two in the case of helium). These noble gas structures are thought of as being in some way a "desirable" thing for an atom to have.

When other atoms react, they try to organize things so that their outer levels are either completely full or completely empty.

Using ∆H for the formation of an ionic compound

Ionic bonding can be broken down into 3 steps: ex. sodium chloride

...Formation of the sodium ions (ionization)

Na+(g) + energy -----> Na+(g) (∆H = +496 kJ/mol)

...Formation of the chloride ions (electron affinity)

Cl(g) + e- -----> Cl-(g) + energy (∆H = -348 kJ/mol)

...Formation of the ion pair (bond energy)

Na+(g) + Cl-(g) -----> NaCl(g) + energy (∆H = -504 kJ/mol)

According to Hess's Law, the ∆H for the formation of one mole of sodium chloride ion-pairs from one mole of sodium atoms and one mole of chlorine atoms is ∆Hrxn = ∆H1 + ∆H2 + ∆H3 = -356 kJ/mol

EX: Ionic bonding in sodium chloride

Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron more than a stable noble gas structure (2,8). If it gave away that electron it would become more stable.

Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a stable noble gas structure (2,8,8). If it could gain an electron from somewhere it too would become more stable.

The answer is obvious:

If a sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine atom, both become more stable.

The sodium has lost an electron, so it no longer has equal numbers of electrons and protons. Because it has one more proton than electron, it has a charge of 1+. If electrons are lost from an atom, positive ions are formed.

Positive ions are sometimes called cations.

The chlorine has gained an electron, so it now has one more electron than proton. It therefore has a charge of 1-. If electrons are gained by an atom, negative ions are formed.

A negative ion is sometimes called an anion.

The nature of the bond:

The sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by the strong electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative charges.

In conclusion, Electrons are transferred from one atom to another resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions. The electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions hold the compound together.

Naomi White #4

Think about the types of bonds that we have discussed. We have disused the method
used to determine the ratio of one element to another in an ionic bonded compound. We
have not discussed how we determine covalent or metallic bonds. You are to discuss
how we determine ionic bonds and then determine how we discover the bond and
formation of the molecule. Make sure you use specific examples including experiments.

How to determine ionic bonds and how to discover them.
Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and a non-metal. An Ionic bond is a chemical bond in which one atom gives up an electron to another, forming two ions of opposite charges, and making an electrical force that holds the atom together. It can either be positive or negative depending if it gives or takes more electrons.
If there are two nonmetals bonding together, and the two atoms share a pair of electrons, then this is a covalent bond. Usually, the outer energy levels contain three, four, or five electrons, and no ions are found. However, a metal and a nonmetal have to bond together to form an ionic bond.

Formation of the molecule.
A molecule is formed when two or more of the same or different kinds of atoms bond chemically; which forms a new substance called a compound. The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons are the same but the physical and chemical properties change.

Example:
The sodium chloride molecule is an example of an ionic bond. Sodium has an excess electron than required for the stable configuration. Similarly the chlorine atom has one less electron in its configuration than required for a stable configuration.
In addition to this, the electronegativity of chlorine is very high.the electronegativity of sodium is very low . This difference in the in electronegativities of the atoms makes one atom as donor and another as an acceptor. This difference in the electronegativities allows chlorine to snatch an electron from the sodium-atom. As a result, a bond is formed between chlorine and sodium atom.

My estimated answer :)

Well what is a covalent bond? A covalent bond is a bond where the elements comprising such bonds share the electrons on their outer shell to become so called 'happy'. It's a stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share said electrons.

The term 'covalent' can be traced back to it's first use in 1919 in reference to bonding by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society in his article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules".

One of the first really successful theory surrounding covalence in atoms was formulated by G.N Lewis from which his 1902 lab notes had an eventual lead to his classic article "The Atom and the Molecule" in 1916.

Well you have a covalent bond, you also have this thing called an Ionic Bonding. It's a bond involving a metal and a nonmetal ion through that of electrostatic attraction. The metal donates one or more electrons, forming a positively charged ion or cation with a stable electron config. They then form into the nonmetal and form negatively charged ions, or in short anion.

Now what's all this about metallic bonding? Well metallic bonding is a special bonding between those metal types, speically delocalized electrons. These simple are called conductor electrons and are gathered in what's called an "electron sea" within the nuclei of the metal. It's commonly compared to that of molten salts. As chemistry developed into a science it became clear that metals formed the large majority of the Periodic Table of the elements and great progress was made in the description of the salts that can be formed in reactions with acids. With the advent of electrochemistry it became clear that metals generally go into solution as positively charged ions and the oxidation reactions of the metals became well understood in the electrochemical series. A picture emerged of metals as positive ions held together by an ocean of negative electrons.

Tanner Feldman

Determine the ionic bond and its discovery.
Bond formed between oppositely charged ions because of electrostatic forces of opposite attractions. Atoms of the ions that are positive will gain electrons and atoms with a negative charge will lose electrons. It involes a metal an non metal to be formed. The ionic bond was discovered by to opposite charged ions forming calling it an ionic bond.

Formation of a molecule
When atoms join together in various combinations of kind and number, they form molecules. When molecules are made from two or more different kinds of atoms, the substances are called compounds. If molecules are made from only one kind of atom, the substances are elements. New combinations of the atoms produce new molecules and therefore different substances. Molecules are formed from different substances being combined.

Experiment using an ionic bond
You use get a temperature probe
You combine an metal and non metal
you get the starting temperature of the two substances
and while they are melting keep a temperature constantly until it is fully melted
Then record your results on a chart and answer the questions

question #4 Cassidy Stigliano

Think about the types of bonds that we have discussed we have discussed the method uesed to determine the ratio of one element to another in an ionic bonded compound. We have not discussed how we determine covalent or metallic bonds. You are to discuss how we determind ionic bonds and then determine how we discover the bond formation of the molecule. Making suree you use specifice examples including experiements.

Determining Ionic Bonds:

Ionic bonds are the attraction of metal and non-metal charged ions. The ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. An atom that loses electrons will have a positive charge and atoms that gain electrons wll have a negative charge. The following characteristics of Ionic bonds are high melting points, brittle, and conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.

Discovery of Ionic Bonds:

The discovery of Ionic bonds are credited to a scientist named Svante Arrhenius. He discovered Ionic bonds during the motion o ions in the solution towards each other. He called these ions as Arrhenius ions. Before this discovery, a German chemist Richard Abegg proposed the concept of the participation of electrons in polar compound.

Formation of the Molecule:

Ionic bonds are usual formed by elements with almost empty outer shells and with elements with an outer shell that is mostly full. Ionic bonds are formed from metal and non-metal elements. The metal elements lose an electron the form a positive chare and the non-metal element gains an electron forming a negative charge.

Examples:

1. Set up ring stand for the beaker.
2. Weigh out salt and also the camphor (1.0grams)
3. Record oberervations.
4. Place each one into seperate test tubes.
5. Fill the beaker with water and set the test tubes in the beaker.
6. Use thermometers to determine the melting point.
7. Make sure to stir water to maintain constant heating.