question #4 Cassidy Stigliano

Think about the types of bonds that we have discussed we have discussed the method uesed to determine the ratio of one element to another in an ionic bonded compound. We have not discussed how we determine covalent or metallic bonds. You are to discuss how we determind ionic bonds and then determine how we discover the bond formation of the molecule. Making suree you use specifice examples including experiements.

Determining Ionic Bonds:

Ionic bonds are the attraction of metal and non-metal charged ions. The ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. An atom that loses electrons will have a positive charge and atoms that gain electrons wll have a negative charge. The following characteristics of Ionic bonds are high melting points, brittle, and conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.

Discovery of Ionic Bonds:

The discovery of Ionic bonds are credited to a scientist named Svante Arrhenius. He discovered Ionic bonds during the motion o ions in the solution towards each other. He called these ions as Arrhenius ions. Before this discovery, a German chemist Richard Abegg proposed the concept of the participation of electrons in polar compound.

Formation of the Molecule:

Ionic bonds are usual formed by elements with almost empty outer shells and with elements with an outer shell that is mostly full. Ionic bonds are formed from metal and non-metal elements. The metal elements lose an electron the form a positive chare and the non-metal element gains an electron forming a negative charge.

Examples:

1. Set up ring stand for the beaker.
2. Weigh out salt and also the camphor (1.0grams)
3. Record oberervations.
4. Place each one into seperate test tubes.
5. Fill the beaker with water and set the test tubes in the beaker.
6. Use thermometers to determine the melting point.
7. Make sure to stir water to maintain constant heating.